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Crawl Website Đơn Giản Với Postman

20/12/2022

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Mở đầu

Trong kiểm thử API, chúng ta không xa lạ gì với Postman, một tool kiểm thử API rất phổ biến và được sử dụng trong nhiều trường hợp khác nhau. Nếu như bạn chưa rõ API là gì, có thể tham khảo lại bài viết giới thiệu về API cơ bản của mình tại ĐÂY.

Trong bài viết này, mình sẽ hướng dẫn các bạn cách crawl đơn giản một website bằng Postman nhằm kiểm tra xem các link hay hình ảnh có trong website đó có bị die hay lỗi gì không? 

Crawl Website là việc lấy thông tin từ website , trích xuất ra những thông tin người sử dụng cần, đồng thời cũng tìm những link có trong trang web đó và tự động truy cập vào những link đó. Quá trình đó sẽ lặp đi lặp lại đến khi thu thập đủ thông tin người dùng cần. 

Ví dụ dự án của bạn có một website như Landing Page hoặc trang chủ chẳng hạn, và trong trang lại có các hình ảnh, các hyperlink dẫn tới các trang con hoặc các website khác. Sau một thời gian bạn cần kiểm tra lại xem những hyperlink đó có còn hoạt động hay không. Thay vì phải click thủ công từng link một thì Postman có thể giúp bạn đơn giản hoá và tiết kiệm thời gian hơn cho việc này rất nhiều. Trước khi đi sâu vào bài viết, bạn cần có một số kiến thức về các khái niệm dưới đây:

  • Script trong Postman
  • Runner trong Postman
  • Có một ít kiến thức cơ bản về Javascript

Khâu chuẩn bị

Để bắt đầu, máy tính của bạn cần cài đặt Postman, tất nhiên rồi. Sau đó chúng ta sẽ tạo một Collection chứa hai Request với tên bất kỳ và hai biến collection. Trong ví dụ dưới đây, mình sẽ tạo Collection tên Crawl Website cùng 2 request:

  • Input check: Request này dùng để kiểm tra đầu vào trước khi crawl.
  • URL check: Request chính dùng để crawl website.
  • 2 biến collection gồm có: 
    • rootUrl: URL gốc của trang cần check
    • startUrl: URL bắt đầu khi chạy test, ở đây mình sẽ để rootUrl và startUrl chung 1 URL

Input check

Input check

Giờ chúng ta cùng thiết lập cho request đầu tiên. Ở request này, mình sẽ code tại phần Pre-request nhằm kiểm tra các đầu vào trong quá trình crawl website. Dưới đây là danh sách các function mình cần tạo trong request này

  • Kiểm tra danh sách biến có trong collection
  • Kiểm tra giá trị URL gán vào biến có định dạng hợp lệ
  • Tạo biến Global để sử dụng cho request tiếp theo

Như mình đã nói ở phần mở đầu, các bạn cần có kiến thức cơ bản về javascript để có thể hiểu hơn và tuỳ biến lại code phù hợp với nhu cầu của dự án. Mình sẽ có gắng giải thích đơn giản để những bạn ít biết về code vẫn có thể sử dụng được.

Ở request này, URL của request chúng ta sẽ để biến {{startUrl}} với phương thức là GET.

Input check

Kiểm tra danh sách biến có trong collection

Trước khi kiểm tra được danh sách các biến có trong collection, ta sẽ chuyển các biến đó thành object và gán vào biến postmanVariables

<strong>const</strong> postmanVariables = pm.collectionVariables.toObject();

Sau đó ta kiểm tra các biến cần sử dụng đã có trong collection hay chưa

pm.expect(postmanVariables).to.have.all.keys("startUrl", "rootUrl");

Kiểm tra giá trị URL gán vào biến có định dạng hợp lệ

Để kiểm tra giá trị URL gán vào biến có định dạng hợp lệ, ta sẽ sử dụng Regex. Đầu tiên ta sẽ gán định dạng URL viết dưới dạng regex vào biến urlRegex và so sánh các giá trị URL trong 2 biến collection là startURL và rootURL có giống với urlRegex hay không.

const urlRegex = /^https?:\/\//;
pm.expect(postmanVariables.startUrl, 'startUrl does not match URL pattern').to.match(urlRegex);
pm.expect(postmanVariables.rootUrl, 'rootUrl does not match URL pattern').to.match(urlRegex);

Tạo biến Global để sử dụng cho request tiếp theo

Kết thúc script mình sẽ tạo biến 3 biến là link, url, index cho request tiếp theo. Ở đây mình sử dụng biến Global để cho dễ truy cập và lấy giá trị giữa các request, tuỳ thuộc vào tính chất dự án, bạn có thể sửa lại thành biến cho 1 environment cũng không có vấn đề gì nhé. 

  • links: Mảng các link ta lấy được khi crawl một trang
pm.globals.set("links", "[]");
  • url: URL đang test
pm.globals.set("url", postmanVariables.startUrl);
  • index: Số thứ tự của URL cần test trong mảng links ta crawl được
pm.globals.set("index", -1);

URL check

URL check

Sau khi thiết lập xong request Pre-check, ta chuyển sang request URL check, đây sẽ là request chạy chính của mình. 

Ở request này, URL của request chúng ta sẽ để biến {{url}} với phương thức là GET.

URL check

Dưới đây là danh sách các function sẽ sử dụng trong request này:

  • Kiểm tra link lỗi
  • Lấy các hyperlink có trong website
  • Lọc các link không liên và lặp crawl
  • Kết thúc vòng lặp

Trước khi bắt đầu thì ta sẽ gán giá trị URL của 2 biến collection và 3 biến Global thành các biến Local cho dễ sử dụng

const startUrl = pm.collectionVariables.get("startUrl");
const rootUrl = pm.collectionVariables.get("rootUrl");
const links = JSON.parse(pm.globals.get("links"));
const currentUrl = pm.globals.get("url");
const currentIndex = parseInt(pm.globals.get("index"));

Kiểm tra link lỗi

Giờ ta sẽ tạo 1 hàm để kiểm tra xem link mình lấy về có bị lỗi hay không. Hiện tại thì link chúng ta test ban đầu chính là URL bạn gán vào biến startUrl.

pm.test(`Link to "${currentUrl}" works`, function () {
    try {
        pm.response.to.not.be.error;
    }
    catch (error) {
        console.log(`FAILED :: ${currentUrl}`);
        console.log(`FAILED :: status code is ${pm.response.code}`);
        
        throw error;
    }
});

Trong đó hàm try để kiểm tra xem link đó có trả về response lỗi hay không và hàm catch dùng để log lại thông tin lỗi. Tuỳ vào nhu cầu bạn có thể log thêm những thông tin khác bạn muốn kiểm tra nhé.

Lấy các hyperlink có trong webiste

Sau khi ta đã kiểm tra link ban đầu không bị lỗi, ta sẽ chạy hàm lấy các hyperlink có trong URL đó như sau:

if (currentUrl.includes(startUrl)) {
    const $ = cheerio.load(pm.response.text());
    
    $("a").each(function () {
        const newLink = $(this).attr("href");
        
        if (!links.includes(newLink)) {
            links.push(newLink);
        }
    });

    $("img").each(function () {
        const newLink = $(this).attr("src");
        
        if (!links.includes(newLink)) {
            links.push(newLink);
        }
    });
}

Để lấy dữ liệu từ trang web, ta sẽ crawl HTML của web đó và tìm kiếm thông tin ta cần từ các tag có trong HTML lấy về. Trong bài viết này mình sẽ thư viện Cheerio để lấy HTML của website cần test và gán nó vào biến $. Sau khi có được HTML rồi, ta sẽ tạo vòng lặp each để tìm các tag <a> và tag <img>, sau đó  lấy các URL trong attribute “href” ở trong <a> và “src” ở trong <img>. Tiếp đến ta sẽ gán nó vào biến newLink. Ngoài ra tuỳ thuộc vào nhu cầu và tính chất của trang web, các bạn có thể bổ sung thêm các thẻ và attribute có chứa URL cần test như <link> chẳng hạn.

Vì ta chỉ cần check mỗi link 1 lần nên mình sẽ viết thêm 1 hàm if để kiểm tra xem URL lấy được đã được lấy trước đó hay chưa, nếu chưa thì sẽ bỏ link đó vào mảng links. Ở bước này bạn cũng có thể bổ sung thêm các điều kiện khác để check link lấy được tuỳ thuộc vào nhu cầu của bạn như không lấy link ads hay action link,…

Lọc các link không liên quan và lặp crawl

Chúng ta đã đi được hơn nữa quãng đường rồi. Sau khi lấy được các link có trong web và bỏ vào mảng links, giờ ta sẽ viết 1 function để trích xuất các link đó và chạy tiếp cũng như lọc những link không liên quan.

const [nextUrl, nextIndex] = getNextUrlAndIndex(links, currentIndex);
function getNextUrlAndIndex (links = [], index = 0) {
    const nextIndex = index + 1;
    
    if (links.length - 1 === nextIndex) {
        return [];
    }
    
    const linkUrl = links[nextIndex];
    
    if (!linkUrl) {
        // Skip null links
        console.log('Encountered a null link.');
        
        // Try to get the next link
        return getNextUrlAndIndex(links, nextIndex);
    }
    
    if (/^https?:\/\//.test(linkUrl)) {
        // Return if not a relative link
        return [linkUrl, nextIndex];
    }
    
    // If the link is relative, prepend with rootUrl
    const cleanedRoot = rootUrl.replace(/\/$/, '');
    const cleanedPath = linkUrl.replace(/^[\.\/]+/, '');
    
    return [[cleanedRoot, cleanedPath].join('/'), nextIndex];
}

Function này ta sẽ sử dụng biến links chứa mảng link đã lấy và biến index nhằm trích xuất vị trí link ta muốn chạy tiếp.

Hàm if đầu tiên sẽ check nếu như ta chạy xong hết mảng link thì sẽ trả về mảng rỗng.

Hàm if thứ 2 sẽ kiểm tra loại trừ các loại link mà bạn không muốn test, ở đây mình sẽ loại trừ null link, ngoài ra bạn có thể bổ sung thêm các loại link khác như link download chẳng hạn.

Hàm if tiếp theo sẽ dùng regex để kiểm tra xem link đó có nằm trong các trang con của mình hay không. Mình sẽ check bằng logic nếu như đầu URL đó giống với biến rootUrl thì sẽ truy cập tiếp vào trang đó và lấy tiếp các URL có trong trang con và lặp lại đến khi nào không còn tìm thấy nữa thì thôi.

Kết thúc vòng lặp

Cuối cùng chúng ta sẽ chạy 1 hàm if để kết thúc vòng lặp crawl này

if (nextUrl) {
    // Update global variables
    pm.globals.set("links", JSON.stringify(links));
    pm.globals.set("url", nextUrl);
    pm.globals.set("index", nextIndex);

    postman.setNextRequest("Check URL");
}
else {
    console.log("No more links to check!");
    
    // Clear global variables
    pm.globals.clear("links");
    pm.globals.clear("url");
    pm.globals.clear("index");
    
    // End the loop
    postman.setNextRequest(null);
}

Trong hàm if này nếu như vẫn còn get được link từ website thì sẽ tiếp tục gán vào biến Local để chạy tiếp bằng hàm postman.setNextRequest(“Check URL”);. Nếu như hết link thì mình sẽ đặt lệnh clear biến global để cho gọn phần biến tránh ảnh hưởng cho những lần chạy sau và set Next Request về null để kết thúc vòng lặp.

Kết

Vậy là chúng ta đã hoàn thành một collection crawl website đơn giản bằng Postman. Hi vọng các bạn có thể áp dụng được vào trong dự án của mình và hẹn gặp các bạn ở những bài viết tiếp theo.

Reference

Crawl Website

Regex

Postman Collection

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How ROPIS Enhances the O2O Shopping Experience Convenience for Customers Reserve Products Online Customers can browse and reserve products online at their convenience, eliminating the need to visit multiple stores in search of desired items Reserve Products Online - Customers can browse and reserve products online at their convenience, eliminating the need to visit multiple stores in search of desired items.Seamless Transition to In-Store Experience - Upon arrival at the store, customers enjoy a seamless transition from their online browsing experience to the tactile exploration of products, enhancing overall satisfaction. Flexibility in Payment Secure Payment Options ROPIS offers secure payment options, ensuring peace of mind for customers when finalizing their purchases in-store.Ability to Utilize In-Store Discounts and Promotions Customers can take advantage of in-store discounts and promotions when completing their purchases, maximizing savings and enhancing the overall value proposition. Improved Inventory Management Reduction of Abandoned Carts By allowing customers to reserve products online, ROPIS significantly reduces the incidence of abandoned shopping carts, leading to higher conversion rates and increased revenue.Enhanced Customer Satisfaction Through Product Availability Retailers can better manage their inventory and ensure product availability, thereby enhancing customer satisfaction and loyalty. Overcoming Challenges and Concerns Addressing Security and Privacy Issues Ensuring the security and privacy of customer data is paramount for retailers as they implement Online to Offline (O2O) strategies like ROPIS (Reserve Online, Pay In-Store). O2O - Reserve Online, Pay In-Store - enhance shopping experience By safeguarding against potential threats and adhering to stringent privacy measures, retailers can instill confidence and trust among shoppers. This trust is essential for fostering long-term customer relationships and encouraging continued engagement with the O2O retail ecosystem. Moreover, prioritizing data security not only protects customers but also safeguards the reputation and integrity of the retailer's brand, demonstrating a commitment to ethical business practices in an increasingly digital world. Managing Inventory and Fulfillment Logistics Efficient inventory management and seamless fulfillment logistics play a pivotal role in ensuring the success of Online to Offline (O2O) strategies such as ROPIS (Reserve Online, Pay In-Store). This necessitates a harmonious coordination between online and offline operations to ensure that products reserved online are readily available for in-store purchase. This seamless integration not only enhances the customer experience but also optimizes operational efficiency, laying the foundation for sustainable growth and profitability in the dynamic O2O retail landscape. Ensuring a Seamless Customer Journey Across Channels Creating a seamless and cohesive customer journey across both online and offline channels is imperative for retailers operating in the Online to Offline (O2O) landscape. This entails minimizing friction points and optimizing every touchpoint of the shopping experience to ensure consistency and convenience for customers. By integrating online and offline channels seamlessly, retailers can provide customers with the flexibility to browse, purchase, and engage with their brand across multiple platforms effortlessly. Whether customers choose to interact digitally or in-person, maintaining consistency in branding, product information, and service quality is key to fostering trust and loyalty. Conclusion Reserve Online, Pay In-Store emerges as a game-changer in the realm of O2O retail, offering unparalleled convenience, flexibility, and satisfaction to both customers and retailers alike. As the retail landscape continues to evolve, ROPIS stands poised to shape the future of shopping, elevating the overall shopping experience to new heights of excellence. Customize your own Reserve Online, Pay In-Store strategy with SupremeTech! SupremeTech specializes in bridging the divide between online and offline commerce for major retail corporations globally. Contact us for your own solutions!

            25/03/2024

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              25/03/2024

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              Seamless Retail Bliss: Online-to-Offline Retail with Reserve Online, Pay In-Store

              Swift vs react native for mobile app development

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                Swift vs React Native for Mobile App Development in 2024

                Hi tech fellows, welcome back to SupremeTech blog. It's been a long holiday for us here in Viet Nam. But we are back, so here we go. When it comes to mobile app development, what language comes to your mind immediately? I believe two giants stand tall: Swift and React Native. But which one should you choose? Let's break it down without the tech jargon. Swift vs React Native: The origins Swift, born from the Apple family, speaks the language of iOS like a native. It's fast, it's sleek, and it's all about that iOS love. It boasts of native performance, modern syntax, and seamless integration with Apple's ecosystem. But React Native? It's the rebel with a cause, using JavaScript to bring harmony between iOS and Android. It bridges the gap between iOS and Android, offering flexibility and efficiency in development. Performance: Native vs Cross-platform When it comes to speed, Swift takes the cake. It's like a racing car, zooming ahead with native performance. Swift enjoys the advantage of native performance, thanks to its direct compilation to machine code. This results in snappy, responsive apps that align closely with iOS standards. React Native, while not inherently native, has made significant strides in optimizing performance. Techniques like Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation and native code modules contribute to smoother user experiences, albeit with a slight compromise compared to Swift in certain scenarios. Development Time and Efficiency Regarding development time, React Native emerges as the frontrunner. Its cross-platform nature allows developers to write code once and deploy it across multiple platforms, significantly reducing time and effort. Swift, however, requires separate codebases for iOS and Android, potentially elongating development cycles. Nevertheless, Swift's native approach ensures precise customization and adherence to platform-specific guidelines, which might justify the additional time investment for certain projects. Community Support and Ecosystem Both Swift and React Native thrive on vibrant communities and extensive ecosystems. Swift developers benefit from Apple's backing and a growing community dedicated to enhancing the language and its ecosystem. React Native, on the other hand, taps into the vast JavaScript community, offering a plethora of libraries, tools, and resources. This robust support system fosters innovation, facilitates problem-solving, and accelerates the development process for both frameworks. UI/UX Design: Native Feel vs Cross-platform Consistency Swift shines in delivering native user experiences tailored to iOS devices. With access to native UI components and seamless integration with Apple's design principles, Swift apps exude elegance and sophistication. React Native, while capable of achieving native-like UI/UX, may exhibit slight discrepancies across platforms due to its bridge-based rendering approach. However, with careful design considerations and customization, React Native apps can deliver cohesive and visually appealing experiences on both iOS and Android. Swift vs React Native: Maintenance and Future-proofing Maintaining and updating mobile apps is an ongoing endeavor, and the choice of framework can significantly impact this process. Swift's separate codebases for iOS and Android necessitate individual maintenance efforts, potentially increasing complexity and resource allocation. React Native's single codebase streamlines maintenance tasks, allowing updates to be applied universally across platforms. This unified approach enhances agility, facilitates feature parity, and future-proofs applications against evolving technological landscapes. Integration with Native Code and Third-party Libraries Both Swift and React Native offer avenues for integrating native code and leveraging third-party libraries. Swift seamlessly interoperates with Objective-C, enabling access to a vast ecosystem of iOS libraries and frameworks. React Native provides a bridge that allows developers to incorporate platform-specific functionalities using Objective-C, Java, or Swift. This flexibility empowers developers to harness the strengths of both frameworks while capitalizing on existing libraries and resources. So, is it Swift or React Native? Despite their differences, Swift and React Native share some similarities in terms of criteria mentioned above. Ultimately, there is no one-size-fits-all solution. Whether you opt for Swift or React Native, both frameworks offer distinct advantages and cater to diverse needs within the mobile app development landscape. By weighing the factors discussed herein and aligning them with your project objectives, you can embark on a journey that leads to the realization of impactful, innovative mobile experiences. Need a consultant for your development project? SupremeTech is here to help! When it comes to mobile app development, you are in our good hand. Dive in our success case studies to learn more about us. See you in the next article!

                20/03/2024

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                  20/03/2024

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                  Swift vs React Native for Mobile App Development in 2024

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